اقتصاد فضا و توسعه روستایی

اقتصاد فضا و توسعه روستایی

اثرات کارآفرینی گردشگری بر زیست‌پذیری خانوارهای روستایی (مطالعه موردی: دهستان بناجوی شمالی شهرستان بناب)

نویسنده
گروه آموزش جغرافیا، دانشگاه فرهنگیان، تهران، ایران
چکیده
هدف: هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی اثرات کارآفرینی گردشگری بر زیست‌پذیری خانوارهای روستایی در دهستان بناجوی شمالی شهرستان بناب بوده است.

روش پژوهش: پژوهش حاضر از نظر هدف کاربردی و به لحاظ شیوه انجام آن توصیفی- تحلیلی است. جامعه آماری تحقیق را خانوارهای روستایی دهستان بناجوی شمالی شهرستان بناب تشکیل داده است. بر طبق نتایج سرشماری سال 1395، تعداد 3828 خانوار برابر با 12262 نفر در این دهستان ساکن هستند که با استفاده از فرمول کوکران تعداد 349 نفر به‌عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند. گردآوی داده‌ها و اطلاعات تحقیق با پرسشنامه محقق‌ساخته به‌دست آمده است که روایی صوری و محتوایی آن با استفاده از نظرات کارشناسان و اساتید مربوطه مورد تایید قرار گرفت. همچنین، پایایی آن با استفاده از فرمول کوکران برای مولفه کارآفرینی گردشگری برابر با 0/79 و برای مولفه زیستپذیری برابر با 0/77 و برای کل پرسشنامه برابر با 0/78 به دست آمده است. به منظور تجزیه و تحلیل یافتههای تحقیق از آزمون تی تک‌نمونه‌ای، تحلیل رگرسیون چندمتغیره و ضریب همبستگی پیرسون استفاده شده است.

یافته‌ها: نتایج آزمون تی تک‌نمونهای نشان داد که وضعیت کارآفرینی گردشگری با میانگین 3/121 و وضعیت زیستپذیری خانوارهای روستایی با میانگین 3/223 در حالت مطلوب قرار دارند. نتایج تحلیل رگرسیون چندمتغیره از بررسی اثرات کارآفرینی گردشگری بر زیستپذیری خانوارهای روستایی نشان داد که شاخص اقتصادی بیشترین تاثیر را بر زیستپذیری خانوارهای روستایی با مقدار ضریب بتای 0/376 داشته است. نتایج ضریب همبستگی پیرسون نشان داد که مقدار ضریب همبستگی به‌دست آمده برابر با 0/376 است که نشان‌دهنده رابطه معنادار بین کارآفرینی گردشگری و زیست‌پذیری خانوارهای روستایی است.

نتیجه‌گیری: بین کارآفرینی گردشگری و زیست‌پذیری خانوارهای روستایی رابطهء معناداری وجود دارد، به‌طوری که با فراهم شدن بستر کارآفرینی و ارتقاء شاخص‌های اقتصادی گردشگری، شاخص‌های زیست‌پذیری خانوارهای روستایی نیز بهبود می‌یابد.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

Effects of Tourism Entrepreneurship on the Viability of Rural Households: A Case Study of North Banajoui Rural District, Bonab County (IRAN)

نویسنده English

Javad Hajializadeh
Department of Geography Education, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده English

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of tourism entrepreneurship on the viability of rural households in the North Banajoi Rural District of Bonab County (North West of IRAN).

Methods: The present study is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its method. The statistical population of the study consists of rural households in the northern Banajoi rural district of Bonab city. According to the results of the 2016 census, 3828 households, equal to 12262 people, live in this rural district, and 349 people were selected as a sample using the Cochran formula. The data and information of the study were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire, the face and content validity of which was confirmed using the opinions of relevant experts and professors. Also, its reliability using the Cochran formula was found to be 0.79 for the tourism entrepreneurship component, 0.77 for the sustainability component, and 0.78 for the entire questionnaire. In order to analyze the research findings, one-sample t-test, multivariate regression analysis, and Pearson correlation coefficient were used.

Results: The results of the one-sample t-test showed that the status of tourism entrepreneurship, with an average of 3.121, and the status of rural household viability, with an average of 3.223, are in a desirable state. The results of the multivariate regression analysis of the effects of tourism entrepreneurship on rural household viability showed that the economic index had the greatest impact on rural household viability, with a beta coefficient of 0.376. The results of the Pearson correlation coefficient showed that the value of the obtained correlation coefficient was equal to 0.376, which indicates a significant relationship between tourism entrepreneurship and rural household viability.

Conclusions: There is a significant relationship between tourism entrepreneurship and the viability of rural households, so that by providing a platform for entrepreneurship and improving tourism economic indicators, the viability indicators of rural households will also improve.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Bonab
Rural Households
Viability
Entrepreneurship
tourism
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Jaman. M. & Alam, R. (2016). Entrepreneurship as a Driving Force for Rural Tourism Development. Scientific & Engineering Research, 7(3), 254-263.
Nazari, H., & Saydaei, S. E. (2019). Analysis of the risks affecting the development of sustainable tourism entrepreneurship in Kohrang County using qualitative comparative analysis of fuzzy sets. Journal of Environmental Risks, (1), 97-111. (in Persian)
Jamini, D., Nazari, H., Saydaei, S. E., & Barki, H. (2013), Investigating the impact of tourism entrepreneurship indicators on sustainable rural development in nomadic territories of Iran, a case study of Ardal County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. Journal of Nomadic Territory Planning Studies, 3 (2), 61-76. (in Persian)
Juanwen, Y., Quanxin, W., & Jinlong, L. (2012). Understanding indigenous knowledge in sustainable management of natural resources in China: Taking two villages from Guizhou Province as a case. Forest policy and economics, 22, 47-52. https://ir.nsfc.gov.cn/paperDownload/1000008127346.pdf
Olalekan, O.O. (2024). Rural Entrepreneurship in the Digital Age: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Sustainable Rural Development (IJSRD), 1(1), 1-6.
Kallmuenzer, A. & Peters, M. (2018). Entrepreneurial Behaviour, Firm Size and Financial Performance: The Case of Rural Tourism Family Firms. Tourism Recreation Research, 43(1), 2–14.
Pan, Y., Zhang, S., & Zhang, M. (2024). The impact of entrepreneurship of farmers on agriculture and rural economic growth: Innovation-driven perspective. Innovation and Green Development, 3, 1-14.
Kallmuenzer, A., & Peters, M. (2018). Entrepreneurial Behaviour, Firm Size and Financial Performance: The Case of Rural Tourism Family Firms. Tourism Recreation Research, 43(1), 2–14.
Rafiei, S., Monshizadeh, R., & Meridsadat, P. (2012). Explaining the effect of social capital indicators of local residents on rural tourism entrepreneurship: a case study of Soltaniyeh-Katalekhor Cave tourism axis. Journal of Earth Science Research, 13 (51), 139-158. (in Persian)
Karimzadeh, H., Sejasi Qeidari, H., Bizari, K., & Naghizadeh, R. (2014). Qualitative-quantitative analysis of the relationship between effective regional advantages in rural tourism entrepreneurship and effective factors in rural tourism entrepreneurship. Journal of Geographical Studies of Arid Regions, 15 (56), 1-27. (in Persian)
Roknaddin Eftekhari, A., Lotfi Mehrouieh, H., Pourtaheri, M., & Talebi Fard, R. (2018). The role of rural housing retrofitting in the livability of villages (case study: Mehrouieh Rural District). Human Settlement Planning Studies, 13(3). 543-556. (in Persian) https://jshsp.rasht.iau.ir/article_545182.html
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Seal, M. (2018). Rural Tourism Entrepreneurship as A Mechanism for Rural Devlopment: A Case Study on Anegundi, Karnataka. International Journal of Marketing & Financial Management, 4(5), 67-80.
Lebambo, M. (2019). The role of entrepreneurial policies in developing rural tourism entrepreneurship in South Africa. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 8 (3), 1-21.
Sejasi, Q., Sadeghloo, T., & Mahmoudi. (2019). Ranking of villages based on livability indicators: a case study of Nizamabad village, Azadshahr city. Journal of Human Geography Research, 51 (1), 129-144. (in Persian)
Litman, T. (2011). Sustainability and Livability: Summary of Definitions, Goals, Objectives and Performance Indicators.Victoria, Canada: Victoria Transport Policy Institute.
Tang, G.N., Ren, F., & Zhou, J. (2022). Does the digital economy promote “innovation and entrepreneurship” in rural tourism in China? Frontiers in Psychology, 13,1-13,
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Utami, D.D., Dhewanto, W., & Lestari, Y.D. (2023). Rural Tourism Entrepreneurship: A Systematic Literature Review on Resources and Challenges, African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 12 (4), 1322-1344.
Lordkipanidze, M., Brezet, H., & Backman, M. (2023). The entrepreneurship factor in sustainable tourism development, Journal of Cleaner Production, 13, 787–798. [DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.02.043]
Yachin, J. M. & Ioannides, D. (2020). “Making Do” in Rural Tourism: The Resourcing Behaviour of Tourism Micro-firms. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(7), 1003– 1021.
Murphy, B. (2010). Community well-being: An overview of the concept. NWMO. http://nwmo.ca/uploads_managed/MediaFiles/1681_researchsupportprogram_communitywellbeingoverview. Pdf
Marcouiller, D. W. (2019). Cultural Tourism and Rural Entrepreneurship: A Case Study of a Scandinavian Literary Festival. Regional Science Policy and Practice, 11(3), 509– 524.
Zahiri, M., Karimzadeh, H., & Hosseini, Sh. N. (2013). Designing a model of factors affecting the development of rural entrepreneurship with a meta-analytic approach. Spatial Economics and Rural Development, 13 (50),123-150. (in Persian) http://serd.khu.ac.ir/articl1-4038-fa.html
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Zhan, D., Kwan, M. P., Zhang, W., Fan, J., Yu, J., & Dang, Y. (2022). Assessment and determinants of satisfaction with urban livability in China. Cities.
Moghimi, Seyyed Mohammad (2011) Entrepreneurship and Environmental Factors Affecting It, Journal of Management Culture, 2 (2), 112-77. (in Persian)
Zeng, X., Li, Y., Zhang, Ch., & Yang, X. (2024). Sustainable entrepreneurship in tourism: The interaction between tourism enterprise and community, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 60, 429-440.
Momeni, Ahmad., Jahanshiri, M., & Azmi, A. (2019), Effects of good governance on the livability of peri-urban settlements in Adaran, Journal of Peri-urban Space Development, 2 (1), 193-205. (in Persian)
Khalilzadeh, J., Kromidha, E., & Taheri, B. (2025). Anatomy of a CSR discourse system: Entrepreneurship and tourism domains, Tourism Management, 110, 1-16.
Mirfakhraldini, F. A., & Bahadori, S. R. (2014). Stakeholder Participation Model in Tourism Entrepreneurship Development in Yazd City, Journal of Spatial Geography and Tourism, 13 (50), 1-19. (in Persian)
Ahmadpour Dariani, M., Dehghani, M. R., Imanipour, N., & Zia, B. (2018). Analyzing the role of regional advantages in creating new businesses. Journal of Entrepreneurship Development 11(4), 601-619. (in Persian) https://jed.ut.ac.ir/article_70383.html
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Akhoundi Ghahrudi, M., Nazari, A., Rostami, Sh., & Salahi Esfahani, G. (2019). Spatial Analysis of Economic Viability in Rural Settlements of Rey County. Journal of Spatial Economics and Rural Development, 9 (2), 245-265. (in Persian)
Nazari Sarmazeh, H., & Saydaei, S.E. (2022). Analysis of the fundamental factors affecting the development of tourism entrepreneurship using qualitative comparative analysis of fuzzy sets, case study of Kohrang County. Journal of Geography and Planning, 25 (77), 261-276. (in Persian)
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Nazari, H., & Saydaei, S. E. (2019). Analysis of the risks affecting the development of sustainable tourism entrepreneurship in Kohrang County using qualitative comparative analysis of fuzzy sets. Journal of Environmental Risks, (1), 97-111. (in Persian)
Aguzman, G., Pratiwi, Ch, P., Eni, Y., Sasongko, A.H. (2024). The Influence of Social Entrepreneurship Orientation on the Sustainability of Tourism Vilages Through Community Empowerment. Indonesian Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, 10 (3), 488-497.
Murphy, B. (2010). Community well-being: An overview of the concept. NWMO. http://nwmo.ca/uploads_managed/MediaFiles/1681_researchsupportprogram_communitywellbeingoverview. Pdf
Babaei, M. H., Afsharzadeh, N., Ghasemi, J., & Karimian, N. (2013). Analysis of the effects of tourism entrepreneurship on rural development: a case study of rural areas of Rijab district in Kermanshah province, Journal of Entrepreneurship Research, 2 (3), 89-111. (in Persian)
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Bertella, G. (2017). From Sharecroppers to “Flying Farmers”: New Forms of Tourism Entrepreneurship in Rural Areas. E-Review of Tourism Research, 14(3), 133–148.
Pan, Y., Zhang, S., & Zhang, M. (2024). The impact of entrepreneurship of farmers on agriculture and rural economic growth: Innovation-driven perspective. Innovation and Green Development, 3, 1-14. [DOI:10.1016/j.igd.2023.100093.]
Bigdali, A., Einali, J., Rabet, A., & Abbasi, F. (2018). Evaluating the effects of second home tourism on the quality of life of permanent residents - Case study: Saeedabad rural district, Ejroud city. Human Settlement Planning Studies, 13(1), 199-216. (in Persian) https://jshsp.rasht.iau.ir/article_540512.html
Rafiei, S., Monshizadeh, R., & Meridsadat, P. (2012). Explaining the effect of social capital indicators of local residents on rural tourism entrepreneurship: a case study of Soltaniyeh-Katalekhor Cave tourism axis. Journal of Earth Science Research, 13 (51), 139-158. (in Persian)
Bohorquez, N. G., Stafford, L., Malatzky, C., McPhail, S. M., Selim, S. M., & Kularatna, S. (2023). Disability, equity, and measurements of livability: a scoping review. Disability and Health Journal, 4(8),1-14.
Roknaddin Eftekhari, A., Lotfi Mehrouieh, H., Pourtaheri, M., & Talebi Fard, R. (2018). The role of rural housing retrofitting in the livability of villages (case study: Mehrouieh Rural District). Human Settlement Planning Studies, 13(3). 543-556. (in Persian) https://jshsp.rasht.iau.ir/article_545182.html
Cunha, C., Kastenholz, E., & Carneiro, M.J. (2020). Entrepreneurs in rural tourism: Do lifestyle motivations contribute to management practices that enhance sustainable entrepreneurial. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, (44),215-226.
Roozbahani, A., Moradi, H., & Abbasi, H. (2013). Analysis of the Spatial Reconstruction Capability of Tourism Entrepreneurship in the Development of Rural Areas, Case Study of Saman District, Malayer County. Journal of Geography and Development, 70, 27-51. (in Persian)
Dias, Á., Silva, G. M., Patuleia, M., & GonzálezRodríguez, M. R. (2020). Transforming local knowledge into lifestyle entrepreneur’s innovativeness: Exploring the linear and quadratic relationships. Current Issues in Tourism, 1–17.
Seal, M. (2018). Rural Tourism Entrepreneurship as A Mechanism for Rural Devlopment: A Case Study on Anegundi, Karnataka. International Journal of Marketing & Financial Management, 4(5), 67-80.
Dias, A., & Silva, G.M. (2021). Lifestyle Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Rural Areas: The Case of Tourism Entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business Strategy, 31(4), 40–49.
Sejasi, Q., Sadeghloo, T., & Mahmoudi. (2019). Ranking of villages based on livability indicators: a case study of Nizamabad village, Azadshahr city. Journal of Human Geography Research, 51 (1), 129-144. (in Persian)
Falter, M. (2023). The role of rural tourism lifestyle entrepreneurs in rethinking current tourism development. Tourism Futures, 5,1-17.
Tang, G.N., Ren, F., & Zhou, J. (2022). Does the digital economy promote “innovation and entrepreneurship” in rural tourism in China? Frontiers in Psychology, 13,1-13,
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Utami, D.D., Dhewanto, W., & Lestari, Y.D. (2023). Rural Tourism Entrepreneurship: A Systematic Literature Review on Resources and Challenges, African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 12 (4), 1322-1344.
Hosseini Kahnouj, S. R., & Sejasi Qaidari, H. (2014), Identifying key players in the rural tourism entrepreneurial ecosystem and strategic analysis of their behavior patterns using a futures research approach. Journal of Geography and Development, (75), 1-26. (in Persian)
Yachin, J. M. & Ioannides, D. (2020). “Making Do” in Rural Tourism: The Resourcing Behaviour of Tourism Micro-firms. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(7), 1003– 1021.
Jaman. M. & Alam, R. (2016). Entrepreneurship as a Driving Force for Rural Tourism Development. Scientific & Engineering Research, 7(3), 254-263.
Zahiri, M., Karimzadeh, H., & Hosseini, Sh. N. (2013). Designing a model of factors affecting the development of rural entrepreneurship with a meta-analytic approach. Spatial Economics and Rural Development, 13 (50),123-150. (in Persian) http://serd.khu.ac.ir/articl1-4038-fa.html
Jamini, D., Nazari, H., Saydaei, S. E., & Barki, H. (2013), Investigating the impact of tourism entrepreneurship indicators on sustainable rural development in nomadic territories of Iran, a case study of Ardal County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. Journal of Nomadic Territory Planning Studies, 3 (2), 61-76. (in Persian)
Zhan, D., Kwan, M. P., Zhang, W., Fan, J., Yu, J., & Dang, Y. (2022). Assessment and determinants of satisfaction with urban livability in China. Cities.
Juanwen, Y., Quanxin, W., & Jinlong, L. (2012). Understanding indigenous knowledge in sustainable management of natural resources in China: Taking two villages from Guizhou Province as a case. Forest policy and economics, 22, 47-52. https://ir.nsfc.gov.cn/paperDownload/1000008127346.pdf
Zeng, X., Li, Y., Zhang, Ch., & Yang, X. (2024). Sustainable entrepreneurship in tourism: The interaction between tourism enterprise and community, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 60, 429-440. [DOI:10.1016/j.jhtm.2024.09.001]
Kallmuenzer, A. & Peters, M. (2018). Entrepreneurial Behaviour, Firm Size and Financial Performance: The Case of Rural Tourism Family Firms. Tourism Recreation Research, 43(1), 2–14.
Khalilzadeh, J., Kromidha, E., & Taheri, B. (2025). Anatomy of a CSR discourse system: Entrepreneurship and tourism domains, Tourism Management, 110, 1-16. [DOI:10.1016/j.tourman.2025.105195]
Kallmuenzer, A., & Peters, M. (2018). Entrepreneurial Behaviour, Firm Size and Financial Performance: The Case of Rural Tourism Family Firms. Tourism Recreation Research, 43(1), 2–14.
Karimzadeh, H., Sejasi Qeidari, H., Bizari, K., & Naghizadeh, R. (2014). Qualitative-quantitative analysis of the relationship between effective regional advantages in rural tourism entrepreneurship and effective factors in rural tourism entrepreneurship. Journal of Geographical Studies of Arid Regions, 15 (56), 1-27. (in Persian)
Khorasani, M. A., Rezvani, M.R., Motiei Langroodi, S. H., & Rafiian, M. (2012). Measuring and evaluating the livability of peri-urban villages (case study: Varamin County). Rural Research, 3(4), 79-104 (in Persian).
Khoshnoud Bakhtiari, Y., Jahandar Malekabadi, N. (2018), The Importance of Promoting Entrepreneurship in the Sustainable Tourism Industry. Fourth International Conference on Research in Science and Technology, St. Petersburg, Russia, August 27. (in Persian)
Lebambo, M. (2019). The role of entrepreneurial policies in developing rural tourism entrepreneurship in South Africa. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 8 (3), 1-21.
Litman, T. (2011). Sustainability and Livability: Summary of Definitions, Goals, Objectives and Performance Indicators.Victoria, Canada: Victoria Transport Policy Institute.
López, M., Cazorla, A., & Panta, M. P. (2019). Rural entrepreneurship strategies: Empirical experience in the northern sub-plateau of Spain. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11, 5, 1-13.
Lordkipanidze, M., Brezet, H., & Backman, M. (2023). The entrepreneurship factor in sustainable tourism development, Journal of Cleaner Production, 13, 787–798.
Marcouiller, D. W. (2019). Cultural Tourism and Rural Entrepreneurship: A Case Study of a Scandinavian Literary Festival. Regional Science Policy and Practice, 11(3), 509– 524.
Martino, N., Girling, C., & Lu, Y. (2021). Urban form and livability: socioeconomic and built environment indicators. Buildings and cities, 2(1),1-18.
Moghimi, Seyyed Mohammad (2011) Entrepreneurship and Environmental Factors Affecting It, Journal of Management Culture, 2 (2), 112-77. (in Persian)
Momeni, Ahmad., Jahanshiri, M., & Azmi, A. (2019), Effects of good governance on the livability of peri-urban settlements in Adaran, Journal of Peri-urban Space Development, 2 (1), 193-205. (in Persian)
Mirfakhraldini, F. A., & Bahadori, S. R. (2014). Stakeholder Participation Model in Tourism Entrepreneurship Development in Yazd City, Journal of Spatial Geography and Tourism, 13 (50), 1-19. (in Persian)
Nemadzem Esmailpour, A., Shahvardi, H., Rumiani, A., & Chehrazi, E. (2018). Prioritizing rural areas based on rural livability indicators. Case study: Slum area, Khorramabad city. Human Settlement Planning Studies (Geographical Perspective). 13(4), 971-988. (in Persian) https://sid.ir/paper/176078/fa
Nazari Sarmazeh, H., & Saydaei, S.E. (2022). Analysis of the fundamental factors affecting the development of tourism entrepreneurship using qualitative comparative analysis of fuzzy sets, case study of Kohrang County. Journal of Geography and Planning, 25 (77), 261-276. (in Persian)
Nazari, H., & Saydaei, S. E. (2019). Analysis of the risks affecting the development of sustainable tourism entrepreneurship in Kohrang County using qualitative comparative analysis of fuzzy sets. Journal of Environmental Risks, (1), 97-111. (in Persian)
Murphy, B. (2010). Community well-being: An overview of the concept. NWMO. http://nwmo.ca/uploads_managed/MediaFiles/1681_researchsupportprogram_communitywellbeingoverview. Pdf
Olalekan, O.O. (2024). Rural Entrepreneurship in the Digital Age: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Sustainable Rural Development (IJSRD), 1(1), 1-6.
Pan, Y., Zhang, S., & Zhang, M. (2024). The impact of entrepreneurship of farmers on agriculture and rural economic growth: Innovation-driven perspective. Innovation and Green Development, 3, 1-14.
Rafiei, S., Monshizadeh, R., & Meridsadat, P. (2012). Explaining the effect of social capital indicators of local residents on rural tourism entrepreneurship: a case study of Soltaniyeh-Katalekhor Cave tourism axis. Journal of Earth Science Research, 13 (51), 139-158. (in Persian)
Roknaddin Eftekhari, A., Lotfi Mehrouieh, H., Pourtaheri, M., & Talebi Fard, R. (2018). The role of rural housing retrofitting in the livability of villages (case study: Mehrouieh Rural District). Human Settlement Planning Studies, 13(3). 543-556. (in Persian) https://jshsp.rasht.iau.ir/article_545182.html
Roozbahani, A., Moradi, H., & Abbasi, H. (2013). Analysis of the Spatial Reconstruction Capability of Tourism Entrepreneurship in the Development of Rural Areas, Case Study of Saman District, Malayer County. Journal of Geography and Development, 70, 27-51. (in Persian)
Seal, M. (2018). Rural Tourism Entrepreneurship as A Mechanism for Rural Devlopment: A Case Study on Anegundi, Karnataka. International Journal of Marketing & Financial Management, 4(5), 67-80.
Sejasi, Q., Sadeghloo, T., & Mahmoudi. (2019). Ranking of villages based on livability indicators: a case study of Nizamabad village, Azadshahr city. Journal of Human Geography Research, 51 (1), 129-144. (in Persian)
Tang, G.N., Ren, F., & Zhou, J. (2022). Does the digital economy promote “innovation and entrepreneurship” in rural tourism in China? Frontiers in Psychology, 13,1-13,
Utami, D.D., Dhewanto, W., & Lestari, Y.D. (2023). Rural Tourism Entrepreneurship: A Systematic Literature Review on Resources and Challenges, African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 12 (4), 1322-1344.
Yachin, J. M. & Ioannides, D. (2020). “Making Do” in Rural Tourism: The Resourcing Behaviour of Tourism Micro-firms. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(7), 1003– 1021.
Zahiri, M., Karimzadeh, H., & Hosseini, Sh. N. (2013). Designing a model of factors affecting the development of rural entrepreneurship with a meta-analytic approach. Spatial Economics and Rural Development, 13 (50),123-150. (in Persian) http://serd.khu.ac.ir/articl1-4038-fa.html
Zhan, D., Kwan, M. P., Zhang, W., Fan, J., Yu, J., & Dang, Y. (2022). Assessment and determinants of satisfaction with urban livability in China. Cities.
Zeng, X., Li, Y., Zhang, Ch., & Yang, X. (2024). Sustainable entrepreneurship in tourism: The interaction between tourism enterprise and community, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 60, 429-440.
Khalilzadeh, J., Kromidha, E., & Taheri, B. (2025). Anatomy of a CSR discourse system: Entrepreneurship and tourism domains, Tourism Management, 110, 1-16.

  • تاریخ دریافت 18 خرداد 1405
  • تاریخ اولین انتشار 18 خرداد 1405