اقتصاد فضا و توسعه روستایی

اقتصاد فضا و توسعه روستایی

تحلیل اثر آموزش‌های فنی و حرفه‌ای بر توانمندی اقتصادی زنان روستایی (مورد مطالعه: دهستان‌های شهرستان بهمئی)

نویسندگان
گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران
چکیده
هدف: آموزش‌های فنی و حرفه‌ای به‌عنوان یکی از ارکان بنیادین توسعه انسانی و اقتصادی، نقشی تعیین‌کننده در افزایش مهارت، اشتغال‌پذیری و بهبود بهره‌وری نیروی کار دارد. این نوع آموزش‌ها، به‌ویژه در نواحی روستایی، می‌تواند بستر مناسبی برای ارتقای مهارت‌های کاربردی و کارآفرینانه فراهم سازد و به شکل‌گیری سرمایه انسانی پویا منجر شود. هنگامی‌که زنان روستایی از راه آموزش‌های فنی و حرفه‌ای توانمند می‌شوند، نه‌تنها مهارت‌های لازم برای ورود به بازار کار و ایجاد کسب‌وکارهای خُرد و خانگی را به‌دست می‌آورند، بلکه درک بهتری از ظرفیت‌های اقتصادی محیط خود نیز پیدا می‌کنند. این موقعیت، به افزایش درآمد خانوار، بهبود وضعیت معیشتی و مشارکت فعال‌تر آنان در توسعه اقتصاد روستایی منجر می‌شود. بنابراین، پیوند میان آموزش‌های فنی و حرفه‌ای، توانمندسازی زنان و شکوفایی اقتصاد روستایی، زمینه‌ساز تحولی پایدار در جهت کاهش فقر، ایجاد اشتغال پایدار و تحقق توسعه متوازن در جوامع روستایی است.

روش پژوهش: پژوهش حاضر به لحاظ هدف، کاربردی و از نظر ماهیت، توصیفی- تحلیلی است. دادههای موردنیاز تحقیق با روش‌های اسنادی و پیمایشی جمع‌آوری‌شده است. برای تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌ها از تکنیک‌های کمّی مانند آزمون تی، روش تصمیم‌گیری ARAS در GIS استفاده‌ شده‌است.

یافته‌ها: نتایج به‌دست‌آمده از این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که آموزش‌های فنی و حرفه‌ای به‌طورکلی تأثیر مثبتی بر زندگی زنان روستایی در هر چهار شاخص درآمد، مصرف، پس‌انداز و تولید داشته، اما میزان این تأثیر در دهستان‌های مختلف شهرستان متفاوت بوده‌است. دهستان رودتلخ بیشترین تأثیر مثبت را در هر چهار شاخص تجربه کرده، درحالی‌که دهستان بهمئی گرمسیری شمالی کمترین تأثیر را از این آموزش‌ها داشته‌است.

نتیجه‌گیری: این یافته‌ها بر اهمیت توزیع عادلانه و متناسب آموزش‌های فنی و حرفه‌ای در سطح شهرستان و لزوم تطبیق محتوای این آموزش‌ها با نیازهای خاص هر ناحیه تأکید می‌کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

Analysis of the Effect of Technical and Vocational Training on the Economic Empowerment of Rural Women (Case Study: Bahmai County, Iran)

نویسندگان English

Zahra Soltani
Majid Goodarzi
Mina Jafari
Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
چکیده English

Objective: Technical and vocational education, as one of the fundamental pillars of human and economic development, plays a decisive role in enhancing skills, employability, and workforce productivity. Such training programs -particularly in rural areas- can provide an effective platform for developing practical and entrepreneurial competencies, thereby fostering the formation of dynamic human capital. When rural women are empowered through technical and vocational education, they not only acquire the skills necessary to enter the labor market and establish small or home-based enterprises, but also gain a deeper understanding of the economic potential within their local environment. This process contributes to increased household income, improved living conditions, and greater participation of women in rural economic development. Consequently, the linkage among technical and vocational education, women’s empowerment, and rural economic growth serves as a sustainable driver of poverty reduction, the creation of decent and lasting employment, and balanced development within rural communities.

Methods: The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and type. The required data were collected using documentary and survey methods. Quantitative techniques such as T-tests and the ARAS decision-making method were used for data analysis.

Results: The results of this study indicate that technical and vocational training generally has a positive impact on the lives of rural women across all four indicators of income, consumption, savings, and production. However, the extent of this impact varied across the county's districts. The Rud Talkh district experienced the most positive impact across all four indicators, while the North Tropical Bahmaei district experienced the least impact from these trainings.

Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of equitable and proportional distribution of technical and vocational training across the county and the necessity of tailoring the content of these trainings to the specific needs of each region.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Technical and vocational training
Empowerment
Rural women
Bahmaei County
Akabr Nejad Hanzaei, M. (2014). Career counseling: A guarantee for the effectiveness of technical and vocational training in job creation. Skill Training Journal, 2(3), 72-102. [In Persian]
اکبر نژاد هنزایی، محمد (1393). مشاوره مسیر شغلی، تضمینی براثر بخشی آموزش‌های فنی و حرفه‌ای در جهت اشتغال‌زایی. مجله مهارت‌آموزی، 2(3)، 72-102.
Alibeigi, A., & Biegii, M. (2022). The impact of rural women’s entrepreneurial capabilities on their empowerment: A case study of Kermanshah province. Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Agricultural Development Studies, 9(4), 19-44. [In Persian]
امیدی، سجاد و چهارسوقی امین، حامد (1397). نقش کسب‌وکارهای کوچک خانگی در کاهش فقر خانوارهای روستایی شهرستان مهران. فصلنامه اقتصاد فضا و توسعه روستایی، 1(23). http://serd.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3038-fa.html
Aly, P., & Quisi, J. (2019). Small business and entrepreneurship. Macmillan International Higher Educationz.
امیری، توران (1392). نقش آموزش‌های غیررسمی سازمان آموزش فنی و حرفه‌ای بر توانمندسازی زنان روستایی، طرقبه شاندیر (بینالود). پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد رشته جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه مشهد.
Amiri, T. (2013). The role of non-formal education of the Technical and Vocational Training Organization in empowering rural women, Torqabeh Shandiz (Binalood) (Master's thesis, University of Mashhad). [In Persian]
باقرصاد، وجیه، داوری، علی، فرخ منش، ترانه (1401). هدف‌گرایی، امکان گرایی و عملکرد کسب‌وکارهای کارآفرینانه. پژوهش‌های مدیریت در ایران، 26(1)، 88-110. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.2322200.1401.26.1.4.1
Baghersad, V., Davari, A., & Farrokh Manesh, T. (2022). Goal orientation, opportunity orientation, and performance of entrepreneurial businesses. Iranian Management Research, 26(1), 88–110. [In Persian]
پاپ زن، عبدالحمید؛ خالدی، خوش‌قدم و سلیمانی، عادل (1390). ارزشیابی آموزش‌های فنی حرفه‌ای زنان روستایی درزمینه‌ی صنایع‌دستی. فصلنامه زن و جامعه، 2(7)، 21-38. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.20088566.1390.2.7.2
Canadian Executive Service Organization (CESO) (2013). Women‟s economic empowerment. A CESO perspective. http://www.cesosaco. com/getattachment/647831f8-939b-44ee-b1a1- 31acc9969ed7/Women-s-Economic-Empowerment-A-CESO Perspective.aspx
پفاژ، ابراهیم؛ عنایتی، ترانه و محبوبی، محمدرضا (1392). تأثیر آموزش‌های فنی و حرفه‌ای مشاغل خانگی بر بهبود کسب‌وکار زنان استان گلستان. مجله مهارت‌آموزی، 2(3)، 7-26.
Choobchian, S. (2021) Knowledge Brokers’ Role on Rural Women Empowerment; 25TH EUROPEAN SEMINAR ON EXTENSION & EDUCATION; June 21st–23rd 2021 Teagasc, Ballyhaise, Co. Cavan, Ireland. Online conference. 10.13140/RG.2.2.17130.24008 https://www.teagasc.ie/corporate-events/esee-2021/poster-presentations/
تقی پور، علی‌اکبر؛ مطلبی نژاد، فاطمه و احمدی دهرشید، پارسا (1401). عوامل مؤثر بر موفقیت کارآفرینی روستایی با تأکید بر دیدگاه زنان (موردمطالعه: بخش امیرآباد شهرستان دامغان). اقتصاد فضا و توسعه روستایی، ۱۱ (۴۲)، ۷۷-۱۰۶. http://serd.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3881-fa.html
Dekens, J., & Voora, V. (2014). Rural women, shadow women: key development partners. The International Institute for Sustainable Development. IISD Commentary, pp. 1-6.
جعفری، عبدالنظام؛ پروری‌نژاد، قاسم و خلیل‌نژادی، سمیرا (1402). اثرات آموزش‌های مهارتی سازمان آموزش فنی و حرفه‌ای بر ایجاد کسب و کارهای خانگی زنان روستایی(مورد: شهرستان دامغان). اقتصاد فضا و توسعه روستایی، ۲ (۴۴)، 45-62.
Demedeme, G., & Opoku, C.B. (2022). Economic empowerment of rural women: Assessing the effectiveness of the rural enterprise program (REP) in Ghana, West Africa. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 14(1), 13-23.
جلیلیان، سهیلا؛ مهر علیزاده، یدالله و مرعشی، سید منصور (1396). بررسی میزان انطباق آموزش‌های فنی و حرفه‌ای با نیازهای آموزشی بخش صنایع در شهرستان خرمشهر. رهیافتی نو در مدیریت آموزشی، 8 (29)، 131-149. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.20086369.1396.8.29.7.1
Esplen, E., & Brody, A. (2017). Putting gender back in the picture: rethinking women's economic empowerment. Institute of Development Studies: Bridge (development-gender).
حاجی علیانی، سارا و پاپزن، عبدالحمید (1400). نقش آموزش‌های فنی و حرفه‌ای در اشتغال‌زایی زنان روستایی با استفاده از نظریه بنیانی (روستای چقاماران بی ابر استان کرمانشاه). راهبردهای کارآفرینی در کشاورزی، ۸ (۱۶)، 125-135. http://jea.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-258-fa.html
Faxon, H.O. (2020) Securing meaningful life: women’s work and land rights in rural Myanmar. J Rural Stud, 76(1), 76–84.
رحمتی، نسرین؛ ایرجی راد، ارسلان و منسوب بصیری، محمود (1398). اثربخشی آموزش‌های کسب‌وکار کشاورزی در کارآفرینی زنان روستایی. پژوهش مدیریت آموزش کشاورزی، 11(49)، 3 -16. [DOI:10.22092/jaear.2019.124633.1582]
Haji Aliyani, S., & Papzan, A. (2021). The role of technical and vocational training in rural women's employment generation using grounded theory (Chaqmaran village, Kermanshah province). Strategic Entrepreneurship in Agriculture, 8(16), 135-125. [In Persian]
سارانی، سمانه؛ اصغری لفمجانی، صادق و حیدری مکرر، حمید (1403). بررسی تطبیقی اثرات پروژه بین‌المللی منارید بر توانمندسازی اقتصادی و اجتماعی جوامع روستایی (مطالعه موردی: سیستان و خراسان شمالی). فصلنامه علمی برنامه‌ریزی منطقه‌ای، مقاله پذیرفته‌شده، منتشرشده به‌صورت آنلاین [DOI:10.30495/jzpm.2025.33314.4334]
Hashemi, S.M., Schuler, S.R., & Riley, A.P. (2009). Rural Credit Programs and Women‟s Empowerment in Bangladesh. World Development, 24(4), 635-653.
سجاسی قیداری، حمدالله؛ محمودی، حمیده و جعفری، فهیمه (1396). تحلیل مهارت‌های کارآفرینی زنان در مناطق روستایی (مورد مطالعه: روستاهای بخش مرکزی شهرستان فریمان). پژوهش‌های روستایی، 8 (2)، 242-263. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.20087373.1396.8.2.5.5
Hashimoto, M., & da Fonseca Jr, R. S. (2019). A Importância do Ensino Empreendedor na Formação do Nível Técnico. Revista de Negócios, 23 (3), 7-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7867/1980-4431.2018v23n3p7-18
علی بیگی، امیرحسین و تقی بیگی، معصومه (1401). تأثیر قابلیت‌های کارآفرینی زنان روستایی بر توانمندسازی آن‌ها: مورد مطالعه، استان کرمانشاه. مطالعات کارآفرینی و توسعه پایدار کشاورزی، 9(4)، 19-44. [DOI:10.22069/jead.2022.20653.1651]
Jafari, A., Parvori-Nejad, G., & Khalil-Nejadi, S. (2023). Effects of vocational training programs of the Technical and Vocational Education Organization on the creation of rural women's home-based businesses: A case study of Damghan County. Spatial Economics and Rural Development, 2(44), 45-62. [In Persian]
قیصری، وحید؛ طالبی، کامبیز و ایمانی پور، نرگس (1394). نقش تفکر کارآفرینانه بر راهبردهای رشد در کسب‌وکارهای کوچک و متوسط. فصلنامه علمی پژوهشی توسعه کارآفرینی، 8 (2)، 195-214. [DOI:10.22059/jed.2015.55976]
Jalilian, S., Mehr Alizadeh, M., Yadollah, M., & Marashi, S. M. (2017). Investigating the alignment of vocational training with the educational needs of the industrial sector in Khorramshahr. Rahyaft-e No in Educational Management, 8(29), 131-149. [In Persian]
موحدی، رضا و سلیمانیان بروجنی، جلیله (1395). بررسی شیوه‌های آموزشی مؤثر در توسعه کارآفرینی زنان روستایی. راهبردهای کارآفرینی در کشاورزی، ۳ (۶)، 23-33. http://jea.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-143-fa.html
Kafaei-Atrian, M., Sadat, Z., Nasiri, S., Izadi- Avanji, F. (2022) The effect of self-care education based on self-efficacy theory، individual empowerment model, and their integration on quality of life among menopausal women. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery 10(1), 54–63.
مولایاری، محمدحسین و فراهانی، یوسف (1400). کارآفرینی و کسب‌وکار خانگی (شهری و روستایی). کنفرانس بین‌المللی مطالعات جهانی در علوم انسانی، مدیریت و کارآفرینی. https://civilica.com/doc/1448809/
Khalid, M.W., Samargandi, N., Shah, A., Almandeel, S. (2020) Socio-economic factors and women’s empowerment: evidence from Punjab, Pakistan. Int Econ J, 34(1), 144–168.
Akabr Nejad Hanzaei, M. (2014). Career counseling: A guarantee for the effectiveness of technical and vocational training in job creation. Skill Training Journal, 2(3), 72-102. [In Persian]
Kim, H.J., & Sung, B. (2020). How knowledge assets affect the learning-by-exporting effect: Evidence using panel data for manufacturing firms. Sustainability, 12(8), 3105.
Alibeigi, A., & Biegii, M. (2022). The impact of rural women’s entrepreneurial capabilities on their empowerment: A case study of Kermanshah province. Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Agricultural Development Studies, 9(4), 19-44. [In Persian]
Liao, C., Fei, D., Huang, Q., Jiang, L., & Shi, P. (2021). Targeted poverty alleviation through photovoltaic-based intervention: Rhetoric and reality in Qinghai, China. World Development, 137, 105117.
Aly, P., & Quisi, J. (2019). Small business and entrepreneurship. Macmillan International Higher Educationz.
Ma, W., Zhou, X., Boansi, D., Horlu, G.S.A. & Owusu, V. (2024). Adoption and intensity of agricultural mechanization and their impact on non-farm employment of rural women. World Development, 173, 106434.‌
Amiri, T. (2013). The role of non-formal education of the Technical and Vocational Training Organization in empowering rural women, Torqabeh Shandiz (Binalood) (Master's thesis, University of Mashhad). [In Persian]
Mandal, K.C. (2023). Concepts and Types of Women Empowerment: International Forum of Teaching and studies. India, 9(2),17-30 http://americanscholarspress.us/journals/ifst/pdf/ifots-2- 2013/ifots_v9_n2_art3.pdf
Baghersad, V., Davari, A., & Farrokh Manesh, T. (2022). Goal orientation, opportunity orientation, and performance of entrepreneurial businesses. Iranian Management Research, 26(1), 88–110. [In Persian]
Mohammadi, R., & Soleymaniyan Boroujeni, J. (2016). Investigating effective teaching methods in the development of rural women's entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Strategies in Agriculture, 3(6), 24-33. [In Persian]
Canadian Executive Service Organization (CESO) (2013). Women‟s economic empowerment. A CESO perspective. http://www.cesosaco. com/getattachment/647831f8-939b-44ee-b1a1- 31acc9969ed7/Women-s-Economic-Empowerment-A-CESO Perspective.aspx
Molaeiari, M. H., & Farahani, Y. (2021). Entrepreneurship and home-based businesses (urban and rural). International Conference on Global Studies in Humanities, Management, and Entrepreneurship. [In Persian]
Choobchian, S. (2021) Knowledge Brokers’ Role on Rural Women Empowerment; 25TH EUROPEAN SEMINAR ON EXTENSION & EDUCATION; June 21st–23rd 2021 Teagasc, Ballyhaise, Co. Cavan, Ireland. Online conference. 10.13140/RG.2.2.17130.24008 https://www.teagasc.ie/corporate-events/esee-2021/poster-presentations/ []
Musyimi, C.M., Malechwanzi, J., & Luo, H. (2018). The Belt and Road Initiative and Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in Kenya: The Kenya-China TVET Project. Frontiers of Education in China, 13, 346–74.
Dekens, J., & Voora, V. (2014). Rural women, shadow women: key development partners. The International Institute for Sustainable Development. IISD Commentary, pp. 1-6.
OECD. (2012). Closing the Gender Gap, Act Now. OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264179370-en
Demedeme, G., & Opoku, C.B. (2022). Economic empowerment of rural women: Assessing the effectiveness of the rural enterprise program (REP) in Ghana, West Africa. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 14(1), 13-23. [DOI:10.5897/JAERD2021.1287]
Omidi, S., & Chaharsoughi, A. H. (2018). The role of small home-based businesses in reducing poverty among rural households in Mehran County. Quarterly Journal of Spatial Economy and Rural Development, 1(23). [In Persian]
Esplen, E., & Brody, A. (2017). Putting gender back in the picture: rethinking women's economic empowerment. Institute of Development Studies: Bridge (development-gender).
Pafaz, I., Anayati, T., & Mahboubi, M. R. (2013). The impact of vocational and technical training in home-based occupations on improving women's businesses in Golestan province. Journal of Skill Development, 2(3), 26-27. [In Persian]
Faxon, H.O. (2020) Securing meaningful life: women’s work and land rights in rural Myanmar. J Rural Stud, 76(1), 76–84. [DOI:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.03.011]
Papzan, A., Khaledi, K., Khoshkadam, H., & Soleimani, A. (2011). Evaluation of vocational training for rural women in the field of handicrafts. Women and Society Quarterly, 2(7), 21-38. [In Persian]
Haji Aliyani, S., & Papzan, A. (2021). The role of technical and vocational training in rural women's employment generation using grounded theory (Chaqmaran village, Kermanshah province). Strategic Entrepreneurship in Agriculture, 8(16), 135-125. [In Persian]
Paudel, J. (2021). Short-run environmental effects of COVID-19: Evidence from forest fires. World Development, 137, 105120.
Hashemi, S.M., Schuler, S.R., & Riley, A.P. (2009). Rural Credit Programs and Women‟s Empowerment in Bangladesh. World Development, 24(4), 635-653.
Pefage, E., Enayati, T., & Mehboubi, M. (2013). The effect of technical and professional training of home businesses on the improvement of women's business in Golestan province. Skills Training Journal, 2(3), 7-26. [In Persian]
Hashimoto, M., & da Fonseca Jr, R. S. (2019). A Importância do Ensino Empreendedor na Formação do Nível Técnico. Revista de Negócios, 23 (3), 7-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7867/1980-4431.2018v23n3p7-18
Qaysari, V., Talebi, K., & Imani Pour, N. (2015). The role of entrepreneurial thinking in growth strategies of small and medium-sized enterprises. Journal of Entrepreneurial Development, 8(2), 195-214. [In Persian]
Jafari, A., Parvori-Nejad, G., & Khalil-Nejadi, S. (2023). Effects of vocational training programs of the Technical and Vocational Education Organization on the creation of rural women's home-based businesses: A case study of Damghan County. Spatial Economics and Rural Development, 2(44), 45-62. [In Persian]
Rahmati, N., Irji Rad, A., & Mansoub Basiri, M. (2019). The effectiveness of agricultural business training in rural women's entrepreneurship. Journal of Agricultural Education Management Research, 11(49), 3-16. [In Persian]
Jalilian, S., Mehr Alizadeh, M., Yadollah, M., & Marashi, S. M. (2017). Investigating the alignment of vocational training with the educational needs of the industrial sector in Khorramshahr. Rahyaft-e No in Educational Management, 8(29), 131-149. [In Persian]
Ranabahu, N. & Tanima, F. A. (2022). Empowering vulnerable microfinance women through entrepreneurship: Opportunities, challenges, and the way forward. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 14(2), 145–166.
Kafaei-Atrian, M., Sadat, Z., Nasiri, S., Izadi- Avanji, F. (2022) The effect of self-care education based on self-efficacy theory، individual empowerment model, and their integration on quality of life among menopausal women. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery 10(1), 54–63. [DOI:10.30476/ijcbnm.2021.86814.1370]
Rappaport, J. (2017). Terms of Empowerment/Examplars of Prevention: Toward a Theory for Community Psychology. American Journal of Community Psychology, 15(2), 121-148.
Khalid, M.W., Samargandi, N., Shah, A., Almandeel, S. (2020) Socio-economic factors and women’s empowerment: evidence from Punjab, Pakistan. Int Econ J, 34(1), 144–168. [DOI:10.1080/10168737.2019.1677742]
Sajasi Ghidari, H., Mahmoudi, H., & Jafari, F. (2017). Analysis of entrepreneurial skills of women in rural areas (Case study: Villages of the Central District of Fariman County). Rural Studies, 8(2), 242-263. [In Persian]
Kim, H.J., & Sung, B. (2020). How knowledge assets affect the learning-by-exporting effect: Evidence using panel data for manufacturing firms. Sustainability, 12(8), 3105.
Sakam, S. Z., Jamaluddin, R., & Wahat, N. W. (2022). Inculcation of employability skills in technical and vocational education: The knowledge of employability skills and teaching practices. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(12), 1837-1849.‌ http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v12-i12/15738
Liao, C., Fei, D., Huang, Q., Jiang, L., & Shi, P. (2021). Targeted poverty alleviation through photovoltaic-based intervention: Rhetoric and reality in Qinghai, China. World Development, 137, 105117. [DOI:10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105117]
Salleh, K. M. & Sulaiman, N. L. (2020). Reforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) on workplace learning and skills development. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 8(5), 2964-2967.
Ma, W., Zhou, X., Boansi, D., Horlu, G.S.A. & Owusu, V. (2024). Adoption and intensity of agricultural mechanization and their impact on non-farm employment of rural women. World Development, 173, 106434.‌ [DOI:10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106434]
Saputro, I., Soenarto, S., Sofyan, H., Riyanita, M., Rebia, P., & Listiana, A. (2021). The effectiveness of teaching factory implementation in vocational education: Case studies in Indonesia. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 9(11), 1841–1856.
Mandal, K.C. (2023). Concepts and Types of Women Empowerment: International Forum of Teaching and studies. India, 9(2),17-30 http://americanscholarspress.us/journals/ifst/pdf/ifots-2- 2013/ifots_v9_n2_art3.pdf
Sarani, S., Asghari Lafmejani, S., & Heydari Makorar, H. (2025). A comparative study of the effects of the international MENARID project on the economic and social empowerment of rural communities (Case study: Sistan and North Khorasan). Regional Planning Quarterly, Advance online publication. [In Persian]
Mohammadi, R., & Soleymaniyan Boroujeni, J. (2016). Investigating effective teaching methods in the development of rural women's entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Strategies in Agriculture, 3(6), 24-33. [In Persian]
Sheshadri, S., Pradeep, A., & Chandran, M. (2021). Towards gender-inclusive skill development in rural India: Factors that inhibit and facilitate women's enrolment in vocational training. Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 6(SI4), 239-243.
Molaeiari, M. H., & Farahani, Y. (2021). Entrepreneurship and home-based businesses (urban and rural). International Conference on Global Studies in Humanities, Management, and Entrepreneurship. [In Persian]
Shu, Y., Ho, S.J., & Huang, T.C. (2020). The Development of a Sustainability-Oriented Creativity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship Education Framework: A Perspective Study. Frontiers in Psychology, 1878,11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01878
Musyimi, C.M., Malechwanzi, J., & Luo, H. (2018). The Belt and Road Initiative and Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in Kenya: The Kenya-China TVET Project. Frontiers of Education in China, 13, 346–74.
Taghipour, A. A., Motlabinejad, F., & Ahmadi Dehreshid, P. (2022). Factors influencing the success of rural entrepreneurship with an emphasis on women's perspectives (Case study: Amirabad district, Damghan County). Spatial Economics and Rural Development, 11(42), 77-106. [In Persian]
OECD. (2012). Closing the Gender Gap, Act Now. OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264179370-en
Tshatsinde, M. (2013). Rural Women in Development Issues and Policies. Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity, 18(18), 63-70.
Omidi, S., & Chaharsoughi, A. H. (2018). The role of small home-based businesses in reducing poverty among rural households in Mehran County. Quarterly Journal of Spatial Economy and Rural Development, 1(23). [In Persian]
United Nations (2017). Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision 1: Comprehensive Tables (ST/ESA/SER.A/399)
Pafaz, I., Anayati, T., & Mahboubi, M. R. (2013). The impact of vocational and technical training in home-based occupations on improving women's businesses in Golestan province. Journal of Skill Development, 2(3), 26-27. [In Persian]
Verma, R., & Papa, M. (2021). BRICS amidst India‐China rivalry. Global Policy, 12(4), 509–513.
Papzan, A., Khaledi, K., Khoshkadam, H., & Soleimani, A. (2011). Evaluation of vocational training for rural women in the field of handicrafts. Women and Society Quarterly, 2(7), 21-38. [In Persian]
Williams, M., Bohler-Muller, N., Branisa, B., Cadenhead, L., Currie, C., Hijar ,G., Seshadri, I.S., Magnelli, M., Thomas, M., & Walbey, H. (2018). Economic empowerment of rural women (T20 Argentina Policy Brief).
Paudel, J. (2021). Short-run environmental effects of COVID-19: Evidence from forest fires. World Development, 137, 105120.
Women. (2022). Women’s empowerment in agriculture: best practices and recommendations. Retrieved from https://www.unwomen.org
Pefage, E., Enayati, T., & Mehboubi, M. (2013). The effect of technical and professional training of home businesses on the improvement of women's business in Golestan province. Skills Training Journal, 2(3), 7-26. [In Persian]
World Bank Group. (2017). World Development Indicators, Washington, DC, United States.
Qaysari, V., Talebi, K., & Imani Pour, N. (2015). The role of entrepreneurial thinking in growth strategies of small and medium-sized enterprises. Journal of Entrepreneurial Development, 8(2), 195-214. [In Persian]
World Bank Group. (2018). An Operational Guide to Women‟s Entrepreneurship Programs in the World Bank: Finance, Competitiveness and Innovation Global Practice, World Bank. Washington DC, United States.
Rahmati, N., Irji Rad, A., & Mansoub Basiri, M. (2019). The effectiveness of agricultural business training in rural women's entrepreneurship. Journal of Agricultural Education Management Research, 11(49), 3-16. [In Persian]
Yar, F.G.M., & Rahmani, M. (2024). Innovative strategies for empowering rural communities: International experiences and applications in Afghanistan. Enrichment: Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 2(9).
Ranabahu, N. & Tanima, F. A. (2022). Empowering vulnerable microfinance women through entrepreneurship: Opportunities, challenges, and the way forward. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 14(2), 145–166. [DOI:10.1108/IJGE-04-2021-0069]
Akabr Nejad Hanzaei, M. (2014). Career counseling: A guarantee for the effectiveness of technical and vocational training in job creation. Skill Training Journal, 2(3), 72-102. [In Persian]
Rappaport, J. (2017). Terms of Empowerment/Examplars of Prevention: Toward a Theory for Community Psychology. American Journal of Community Psychology, 15(2), 121-148. [DOI:10.1007/BF00919275]
Alibeigi, A., & Biegii, M. (2022). The impact of rural women’s entrepreneurial capabilities on their empowerment: A case study of Kermanshah province. Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Agricultural Development Studies, 9(4), 19-44. [In Persian]
Sajasi Ghidari, H., Mahmoudi, H., & Jafari, F. (2017). Analysis of entrepreneurial skills of women in rural areas (Case study: Villages of the Central District of Fariman County). Rural Studies, 8(2), 242-263. [In Persian]
Aly, P., & Quisi, J. (2019). Small business and entrepreneurship. Macmillan International Higher Educationz.
Sakam, S. Z., Jamaluddin, R., & Wahat, N. W. (2022). Inculcation of employability skills in technical and vocational education: The knowledge of employability skills and teaching practices. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(12), 1837-1849.‌ http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v12-i12/15738
Amiri, T. (2013). The role of non-formal education of the Technical and Vocational Training Organization in empowering rural women, Torqabeh Shandiz (Binalood) (Master's thesis, University of Mashhad). [In Persian]
Salleh, K. M. & Sulaiman, N. L. (2020). Reforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) on workplace learning and skills development. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 8(5), 2964-2967. [DOI:10.26803/ijlter.20.12.2]
Baghersad, V., Davari, A., & Farrokh Manesh, T. (2022). Goal orientation, opportunity orientation, and performance of entrepreneurial businesses. Iranian Management Research, 26(1), 88–110. [In Persian]
Saputro, I., Soenarto, S., Sofyan, H., Riyanita, M., Rebia, P., & Listiana, A. (2021). The effectiveness of teaching factory implementation in vocational education: Case studies in Indonesia. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 9(11), 1841–1856. [DOI:10.13189/ujer.2021.091104]
Canadian Executive Service Organization (CESO) (2013). Women‟s economic empowerment. A CESO perspective. http://www.cesosaco. com/getattachment/647831f8-939b-44ee-b1a1- 31acc9969ed7/Women-s-Economic-Empowerment-A-CESO Perspective.aspx
Sarani, S., Asghari Lafmejani, S., & Heydari Makorar, H. (2025). A comparative study of the effects of the international MENARID project on the economic and social empowerment of rural communities (Case study: Sistan and North Khorasan). Regional Planning Quarterly, Advance online publication. [In Persian] [DOI:10.30495/jzpm.2025.33314.4334]
Choobchian, S. (2021) Knowledge Brokers’ Role on Rural Women Empowerment; 25TH EUROPEAN SEMINAR ON EXTENSION & EDUCATION; June 21st–23rd 2021 Teagasc, Ballyhaise, Co. Cavan, Ireland. Online conference. 10.13140/RG.2.2.17130.24008 https://www.teagasc.ie/corporate-events/esee-2021/poster-presentations/
Sheshadri, S., Pradeep, A., & Chandran, M. (2021). Towards gender-inclusive skill development in rural India: Factors that inhibit and facilitate women's enrolment in vocational training. Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 6(SI4), 239-243. [DOI:10.21834/ebpj.v6iSI4.3032]
Dekens, J., & Voora, V. (2014). Rural women, shadow women: key development partners. The International Institute for Sustainable Development. IISD Commentary, pp. 1-6.
Shu, Y., Ho, S.J., & Huang, T.C. (2020). The Development of a Sustainability-Oriented Creativity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship Education Framework: A Perspective Study. Frontiers in Psychology, 1878,11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01878
Demedeme, G., & Opoku, C.B. (2022). Economic empowerment of rural women: Assessing the effectiveness of the rural enterprise program (REP) in Ghana, West Africa. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 14(1), 13-23.
Taghipour, A. A., Motlabinejad, F., & Ahmadi Dehreshid, P. (2022). Factors influencing the success of rural entrepreneurship with an emphasis on women's perspectives (Case study: Amirabad district, Damghan County). Spatial Economics and Rural Development, 11(42), 77-106. [In Persian]
Esplen, E., & Brody, A. (2017). Putting gender back in the picture: rethinking women's economic empowerment. Institute of Development Studies: Bridge (development-gender).
Tshatsinde, M. (2013). Rural Women in Development Issues and Policies. Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity, 18(18), 63-70. [DOI:10.2307/4065670]
Faxon, H.O. (2020) Securing meaningful life: women’s work and land rights in rural Myanmar. J Rural Stud, 76(1), 76–84.
United Nations (2017). Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision 1: Comprehensive Tables (ST/ESA/SER.A/399)
Haji Aliyani, S., & Papzan, A. (2021). The role of technical and vocational training in rural women's employment generation using grounded theory (Chaqmaran village, Kermanshah province). Strategic Entrepreneurship in Agriculture, 8(16), 135-125. [In Persian]
Verma, R., & Papa, M. (2021). BRICS amidst India‐China rivalry. Global Policy, 12(4), 509–513. [DOI:10.1111/1758-5899.12969]
Hashemi, S.M., Schuler, S.R., & Riley, A.P. (2009). Rural Credit Programs and Women‟s Empowerment in Bangladesh. World Development, 24(4), 635-653.
Williams, M., Bohler-Muller, N., Branisa, B., Cadenhead, L., Currie, C., Hijar ,G., Seshadri, I.S., Magnelli, M., Thomas, M., & Walbey, H. (2018). Economic empowerment of rural women (T20 Argentina Policy Brief).
Hashimoto, M., & da Fonseca Jr, R. S. (2019). A Importância do Ensino Empreendedor na Formação do Nível Técnico. Revista de Negócios, 23 (3), 7-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7867/1980-4431.2018v23n3p7-18
Women. (2022). Women’s empowerment in agriculture: best practices and recommendations. Retrieved from https://www.unwomen.org
Jafari, A., Parvori-Nejad, G., & Khalil-Nejadi, S. (2023). Effects of vocational training programs of the Technical and Vocational Education Organization on the creation of rural women's home-based businesses: A case study of Damghan County. Spatial Economics and Rural Development, 2(44), 45-62. [In Persian]
World Bank Group. (2017). World Development Indicators, Washington, DC, United States.
Jalilian, S., Mehr Alizadeh, M., Yadollah, M., & Marashi, S. M. (2017). Investigating the alignment of vocational training with the educational needs of the industrial sector in Khorramshahr. Rahyaft-e No in Educational Management, 8(29), 131-149. [In Persian]
World Bank Group. (2018). An Operational Guide to Women‟s Entrepreneurship Programs in the World Bank: Finance, Competitiveness and Innovation Global Practice, World Bank. Washington DC, United States.
Kafaei-Atrian, M., Sadat, Z., Nasiri, S., Izadi- Avanji, F. (2022) The effect of self-care education based on self-efficacy theory، individual empowerment model, and their integration on quality of life among menopausal women. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery 10(1), 54–63.
Yar, F.G.M., & Rahmani, M. (2024). Innovative strategies for empowering rural communities: International experiences and applications in Afghanistan. Enrichment: Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 2(9).
Khalid, M.W., Samargandi, N., Shah, A., Almandeel, S. (2020) Socio-economic factors and women’s empowerment: evidence from Punjab, Pakistan. Int Econ J, 34(1), 144–168.
Kim, H.J., & Sung, B. (2020). How knowledge assets affect the learning-by-exporting effect: Evidence using panel data for manufacturing firms. Sustainability, 12(8), 3105.
Liao, C., Fei, D., Huang, Q., Jiang, L., & Shi, P. (2021). Targeted poverty alleviation through photovoltaic-based intervention: Rhetoric and reality in Qinghai, China. World Development, 137, 105117.
Ma, W., Zhou, X., Boansi, D., Horlu, G.S.A. & Owusu, V. (2024). Adoption and intensity of agricultural mechanization and their impact on non-farm employment of rural women. World Development, 173, 106434.‌
Mandal, K.C. (2023). Concepts and Types of Women Empowerment: International Forum of Teaching and studies. India, 9(2),17-30 http://americanscholarspress.us/journals/ifst/pdf/ifots-2- 2013/ifots_v9_n2_art3.pdf
Mohammadi, R., & Soleymaniyan Boroujeni, J. (2016). Investigating effective teaching methods in the development of rural women's entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Strategies in Agriculture, 3(6), 24-33. [In Persian]
Molaeiari, M. H., & Farahani, Y. (2021). Entrepreneurship and home-based businesses (urban and rural). International Conference on Global Studies in Humanities, Management, and Entrepreneurship. [In Persian]
Musyimi, C.M., Malechwanzi, J., & Luo, H. (2018). The Belt and Road Initiative and Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in Kenya: The Kenya-China TVET Project. Frontiers of Education in China, 13, 346–74.
OECD. (2012). Closing the Gender Gap, Act Now. OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264179370-en
Omidi, S., & Chaharsoughi, A. H. (2018). The role of small home-based businesses in reducing poverty among rural households in Mehran County. Quarterly Journal of Spatial Economy and Rural Development, 1(23). [In Persian]
Pafaz, I., Anayati, T., & Mahboubi, M. R. (2013). The impact of vocational and technical training in home-based occupations on improving women's businesses in Golestan province. Journal of Skill Development, 2(3), 26-27. [In Persian]
Papzan, A., Khaledi, K., Khoshkadam, H., & Soleimani, A. (2011). Evaluation of vocational training for rural women in the field of handicrafts. Women and Society Quarterly, 2(7), 21-38. [In Persian]
Paudel, J. (2021). Short-run environmental effects of COVID-19: Evidence from forest fires. World Development, 137, 105120.
Pefage, E., Enayati, T., & Mehboubi, M. (2013). The effect of technical and professional training of home businesses on the improvement of women's business in Golestan province. Skills Training Journal, 2(3), 7-26. [In Persian]
Qaysari, V., Talebi, K., & Imani Pour, N. (2015). The role of entrepreneurial thinking in growth strategies of small and medium-sized enterprises. Journal of Entrepreneurial Development, 8(2), 195-214. [In Persian]
Rahmati, N., Irji Rad, A., & Mansoub Basiri, M. (2019). The effectiveness of agricultural business training in rural women's entrepreneurship. Journal of Agricultural Education Management Research, 11(49), 3-16. [In Persian]
Ranabahu, N. & Tanima, F. A. (2022). Empowering vulnerable microfinance women through entrepreneurship: Opportunities, challenges, and the way forward. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 14(2), 145–166.
Rappaport, J. (2017). Terms of Empowerment/Examplars of Prevention: Toward a Theory for Community Psychology. American Journal of Community Psychology, 15(2), 121-148.
Sajasi Ghidari, H., Mahmoudi, H., & Jafari, F. (2017). Analysis of entrepreneurial skills of women in rural areas (Case study: Villages of the Central District of Fariman County). Rural Studies, 8(2), 242-263. [In Persian]
Sakam, S. Z., Jamaluddin, R., & Wahat, N. W. (2022). Inculcation of employability skills in technical and vocational education: The knowledge of employability skills and teaching practices. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(12), 1837-1849.‌ http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v12-i12/15738
Salleh, K. M. & Sulaiman, N. L. (2020). Reforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) on workplace learning and skills development. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 8(5), 2964-2967.
Saputro, I., Soenarto, S., Sofyan, H., Riyanita, M., Rebia, P., & Listiana, A. (2021). The effectiveness of teaching factory implementation in vocational education: Case studies in Indonesia. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 9(11), 1841–1856.
Sarani, S., Asghari Lafmejani, S., & Heydari Makorar, H. (2025). A comparative study of the effects of the international MENARID project on the economic and social empowerment of rural communities (Case study: Sistan and North Khorasan). Regional Planning Quarterly, Advance online publication. [In Persian]
Sheshadri, S., Pradeep, A., & Chandran, M. (2021). Towards gender-inclusive skill development in rural India: Factors that inhibit and facilitate women's enrolment in vocational training. Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 6(SI4), 239-243.
Shu, Y., Ho, S.J., & Huang, T.C. (2020). The Development of a Sustainability-Oriented Creativity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship Education Framework: A Perspective Study. Frontiers in Psychology, 1878,11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01878
Taghipour, A. A., Motlabinejad, F., & Ahmadi Dehreshid, P. (2022). Factors influencing the success of rural entrepreneurship with an emphasis on women's perspectives (Case study: Amirabad district, Damghan County). Spatial Economics and Rural Development, 11(42), 77-106. [In Persian]
Tshatsinde, M. (2013). Rural Women in Development Issues and Policies. Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity, 18(18), 63-70.
United Nations (2017). Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision 1: Comprehensive Tables (ST/ESA/SER.A/399)
Verma, R., & Papa, M. (2021). BRICS amidst India‐China rivalry. Global Policy, 12(4), 509–513.
Williams, M., Bohler-Muller, N., Branisa, B., Cadenhead, L., Currie, C., Hijar ,G., Seshadri, I.S., Magnelli, M., Thomas, M., & Walbey, H. (2018). Economic empowerment of rural women (T20 Argentina Policy Brief).
Women. (2022). Women’s empowerment in agriculture: best practices and recommendations. Retrieved from https://www.unwomen.org
World Bank Group. (2017). World Development Indicators, Washington, DC, United States.
World Bank Group. (2018). An Operational Guide to Women‟s Entrepreneurship Programs in the World Bank: Finance, Competitiveness and Innovation Global Practice, World Bank. Washington DC, United States.
Yar, F.G.M., & Rahmani, M. (2024). Innovative strategies for empowering rural communities: International experiences and applications in Afghanistan. Enrichment: Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 2(9).

  • تاریخ دریافت 18 خرداد 1405
  • تاریخ اولین انتشار 18 خرداد 1405