اقتصاد فضا و توسعه روستایی

اقتصاد فضا و توسعه روستایی

توسعه گردشگری و معیشت پایدار روستایی مطالعه موردی استان کردستان

نویسندگان
میترا محمدی
فاتح حبیبی
سامان قادری
دانشگاه کردستان
10.61186/serd.13.49.2
چکیده
هدف: تجریه بسیاری از کشورهای توسعه یافته نشان می دهد که توسعه گردشگری یک نیاز اساسی برای توسعه ملی و باید با درجه بالایی از اولویت آنرا در نظر گرفت. بر این اساس، در ایران نیز دولت در سال های اخیر توجه بیشتری به توسعه صنعت گردشگری نموده است. همچنین با توجه به پتانسیل های بالقوه و کم نظیرمناطق روستایی توجه به این بخش می تواند در راستای توانمند سازی مناطق روستایی و توسعه این مناطق کمک نماید. هدف از این تحقیق بررسی تاثیر گردشگری بر معیشت پایدار روستایی استان کردستان با مقایسه ی دو گروه روستاهای گردشگری و غیر گردشگری است.

روش پژوهش: از ابزار پرسشنامه برای جمع آوری داده های مورد نیاز استفاده شده است و 203 نفر سرپرست خانوار از روستاهای گردشگری و 147نفر سرپرست خانوار از روستاهای غیر گردشگری به شیوه تصادفی انتخاب شده و تجزیه و تحلیل بر روی آنها صورت گرفت. برای اطمینان از پایایی ابزار تحقیق، از ضریب آلفای کرونباخ استفاده شده است. بر این اساس قابلیت اعتماد پرسشنامه با ضریب 0.82 درصد بسیار مناسب بوده است.

یافته‌ها: نتایج آزمون t مستقل نشان داد که میانگین سرمایه های انسانی واجتماعی و کل سرمایه ها در روستاهای گردشگری از روستاهای غیر گردشگری بیشتر است. همچنین نتایج آزمون فریدمن نشان داد که در روستاهای گردشگری فعالیت هایی مانند باغداری ، زراعت ، فروش غذاهای محلی ، فروش صنایع دستی، اجاره منزل، فروش تولیدات لبنی محلی و فروش لباس محلی به ترتیب راهبرد معیشتی اهمیت بیشتری داشته است. در حالی که روستاهای گروه دوم، به ترتیب فعالیت های باغداری، زراعت، فروش تولیدات لبنی محلی ، دامداری ، کارگری اهمیت بیشتری داشته است.

نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج نشان داد که بین روستاهای گردشگری و غیرگردشگری از لحاظ سرمایه­ های انسانی، اجتماعی، فیزیکی، طبیعی، مالی و کل سرمایه­ ها، تفاوت معنی­داری وجود دارد. میانگین سرمایه انسانی، اجتماعی و کل سرمایه ­ها (دارایی­های معیشتی) در روستاهای گردشگری بیشتر از روستاهای غیرگردشگری بود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
استان کردستان
توسعه گردشگری
گردشگری روستایی
معیشت پایدار

عنوان مقاله English

Tourism Development and Sustainable Rural Livelihoods A Case Study of Kurdistan Province

نویسندگان English

Mitra Mohamadi
fateh habibi
saman ghaderi
university of Kurdistan
چکیده English

Objective: The experience of many developed countries highlights that tourism development is a fundamental driver of national growth and should be prioritized accordingly. This research aims to investigate the impact of tourism on sustainable rural livelihoods in Kurdistan Province by comparing two groups: tourism-oriented villages and non-tourism villages.

Method: This study adopts a quasi-experimental design, comparing data from tourism and non-tourism villages. A questionnaire was employed to gather the necessary information. Using Cochran's formula, the sample size was determined to be 350 households, consisting of 203 heads of households from tourism villages and 147 heads of households from non-tourism villages. Participants were selected randomly. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS and Excel software, with the reliability of the questionnaire confirmed by a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.82.

Results:

1. Livelihood Conditions: The one-sample t-test revealed that the five livelihood capitals (human, social, physical, natural, and financial) in both groups of villages were below average and in poor condition.

2. Comparison of Capitals: An independent t-test showed that the average human and social capital and total investment were significantly higher in tourism villages compared to non-tourism villages.

3. Livelihood Strategies: A Friedman test identified the key livelihood activities in each group:

Tourism Villages: Gardening. Agriculture, Local food sales, Handicraft sales, Home rentals, Sales of local dairy products, and Sales of local clothing.
Non-Tourism Villages: Gardening, Agriculture, Local dairy product sales, Animal husbandry, and Labor.

Conclusion: The findings demonstrate a significant difference between tourism and non-tourism villages in terms of livelihood capitals: human, social, physical, natural, financial, and total. The average levels of human capital, social capital, and overall livelihood assets were higher in tourism villages. These results underscore the positive role of tourism in enhancing sustainable rural livelihoods, particularly by diversifying income sources and strengthening human and social capital. Prioritizing tourism development in rural areas can thus contribute to broader economic and social improvements.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Kurdistan Province
Tourism Development
Rural Tourism
Sustainable livelihood
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Aazami, M., & Shanazi, K. (2020). Tourism Wetland and Rural Sustainable Livelihood; The Case from Iran. Journal of Outdoor Receration and Tourism, 30, 100284. [DOI:10.1016/j.jort.2020.100284]
Haung, T., Xi, J.-C., & Ge, Q.-S. (2017). Livelihood differentiation between two villages in Yesanpo Tourism District in China. Journal of Mountain Science: 2359-2372. [DOI:10.1007/s11629-017-4390-3]
Amirkhanlo, S., Kardavani, P. & hajiloei, M.M. (2019). The effects of tourism on the development of rural areas from the perspective of the host community. Case: Central part of Golugah city. Epase Economy & Rural Development, 8(30): 207-226. (in Persian).
Holand, J., Dixery, L., & Burrian, M. (2003). Tourism in poor rural areas: Diversifying the product and expanding the benefits in Uganda and the Czech Republic, London: UK: ODI IIED and ICRT.
Ashley, C. (2002). The impacts of Tourism on Rural Livelihoods: Nambia's Exprience. Sustainable Livelihoods, (overseas Development Institute), working paper 128.
Jomehpor, M. & Ahmadi, Sh. (2011). The impact of tourism on rural livelihoods (a case study of Berghan village, Saujblag city, Rural Research, 2(5): 33-63. (in Persian).
Chambers, R. and Conway, G. (1992). Sustainable rural livelihoods: Practical concepts for the 21st century. IDS discussion paper. 296: 127-130.
Jomehpor, M. & Ahmadi, Sh. (2011). Effect of Tourism on Sustainable Rural Livelihoods (Case Study: Baraghan Village - Savojbolagh County), Journal of Rural Research, 2(5): 33-62. (in Persian).
Chiu, Y-T Helena; Lee Wan and Chen H.T. (2014). Environmentally Responsible Behavior in Ecotourism: Exploring the Role of Destination Image and Value Perception. Asia pacific journal of tourism Research, 19(8): 876-889.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2013.818048 [DOI:10.1080/10941665.2013.818048.]
Jomehpor, M. & Mirlotfi, M.R. (2012). The role of local knowledge and the function of the traditional system of cooperative management of water resources in sustainable rural livelihoods studied: large working groups for dredging irrigation canals (Hashar) in Sistan, Social Sciences, 56: 1-34. (in Persian).
Di Bella,, A., Petino, G., & Scrofani, L. (2019). The Etna macro-region between peripheralization and innovation: Towards a smart territorial system based on tourism. Regional Science Policy & Practice. 10.
https://doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12176 [DOI:10.1111/rsp3.12176.]
Jomehpor, M. (2004). Rural Development Planning, perspectives and methods. Samt Publication. (in Persian).
Dyer, P, et al. (2007). Structural modeling of resident perceptions of tourism and associated development on the Sunshine Coast, Australia. Tourism Management, 28: 409-422. [DOI:10.1016/j.tourman.2006.04.002]
Kheiri, J., & Nasihatkon, B, 2016, The Effects of Rural tourism on sustainable livelihoods (case study: Lavij Rural, Iran. Modern Applied Science, 10(10): 10-22. [DOI:10.5539/mas.v10n10p10]
Einali, J., Jafari, G.H., & Tabire, I. (2014). An Assessment of the Role of Ecotourism on the Development of Rural Areas (Case Study: Uraman-e-Takht, Sarvabad), Tourism Planning and Development, 3(9): 191-211. (in Persian)
Lorio, M, & Corsale, A. (2010). Rural tourism and livelihood strategies in Romania. journal of Rural study, 26: 152-162.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2009.10.006 [DOI:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2009.10.00.]
Ellis, F. (2000). Rural livelihoods and diversity in developing countries, Oxford University Press. [DOI:10.1093/oso/9780198296959.001.0001]
Mbaiwa, J. E., & Stronza, A. L. (2010). The effects of tourism development on rural livelihoods in the okavango Delta, Botswana. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(5): 635-565.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09669581003653500 [DOI:10.1080/09669581003653500.]
Gholamhossein Abdollahzadeh, G., Salehi, K., Sharifzadeh, M.S. & Khajehshahkohi, A. (2016). Investigating the Impact of Tourism on Sustainable Rural Livelihoods in Golestan Province, Tourism Planning and Development, 4(15): 148-169. (in Persian)
Mccool, S., Butler, R., Buckley, R., & Weaver, D. (2013). Is Concept of Sustainability Utopian: Ideally Perfect but Impracticable?. , Tourism Recreation Research, 38(2): 213-242.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2013.11081746 [DOI:10.1080/02508281.2013.11081746.]
Habibi, Fateh (2023). Analysis of the effect of tourism on the target villages of Kurdistan Province, Epase Economy & Rural Development. 12(1): 37-58. (in Persian)
Nourozi, M., & Hayati, D. (2014). Factors Affecting Sustainable Rural Livelihoods as Perceived by Farmers in Kermanshah Province, Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Journal, 11(1): 137-144. (in Persian).
Hall, C., & Page, S. (2002). The geography of tourism and recreation environment, place and space. London: London Routledge. [DOI:10.4324/9780203196274]
Parvaneh Safa, R, Yasouri, M & Hesam, M. (2021). Effects of Tourism on sustainable Rural Livelihoods (Case Study: Saravan, Rasht County, Iran). Journal of Research Rural Planning, 10(3): 1-9. http://doi.org/ 10.22067/JRRP.V10I3.85201
Haung, T., Xi, J.-C., & Ge, Q.-S. (2017). Livelihood differentiation between two villages in Yesanpo Tourism District in China. Journal of Mountain Science: 2359-2372. [DOI:10.1007/s11629-017-4390-3]
Paul, B.G. and Reinhard-Vogl, C.H. (2013). Organic shrimp aquaculture for sustainable household livelihoods in Bangladesh. Ocean and Coastal Management, 71: 1-12. http://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.10.007. [DOI:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.10.007]
Holand, J., Dixery, L., & Burrian, M. (2003). Tourism in poor rural areas: Diversifying the product and expanding the benefits in Uganda and the Czech Republic, London: UK: ODI IIED and ICRT.
Rastae, A., Hadiani, Z. & Tayebnia, S.H. (2021). The Effects Analysis of tourism on the host community in rural areas (Case study:Tamin village in Mirjaveh County), Quarterly Journal of Village and Space Sustaiable Development, 2(4): 57-78. (in Persian)
Jomehpor, M. & Ahmadi, Sh. (2011). The impact of tourism on rural livelihoods (a case study of Berghan village, Saujblag city, Rural Research, 2(5): 33-63. (in Persian).
Shen, F. (2008). A sustainable tourism framework for monitoring residents' satisfaction with agritourism in Chongdugou Village, China, Int. J. Tourism Policy, 1(4): 368-375. http://doi.org/ 10.1504/IJTP.2008.019277 [DOI:10.1504/IJTP.2008.019277]
Jomehpor, M. & Ahmadi, Sh. (2011). Effect of Tourism on Sustainable Rural Livelihoods (Case Study: Baraghan Village - Savojbolagh County), Journal of Rural Research, 2(5): 33-62. (in Persian).
Shen, F. (2009). Tourism and sustainable livelihoods approach: application within the Chinese context, a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Lincoln University. http://doi/.
Jomehpor, M. & Mirlotfi, M.R. (2012). The role of local knowledge and the function of the traditional system of cooperative management of water resources in sustainable rural livelihoods studied: large working groups for dredging irrigation canals (Hashar) in Sistan, Social Sciences, 56: 1-34. (in Persian).
Shen, F., Hughery, K. F., & Simmons, D. G. (2008). connecting the sustainable livelihoods approach and tourism: A review of the literature. journal of Hospitality and tourism Management, 15: 19-31. [DOI:10.1375/jhtm.15.19]
Jomehpor, M. (2004). Rural Development Planning, perspectives and methods. Samt Publication. (in Persian).
Statistical Center of Iran. (2016). https://www.amar.org.ir. (in Persian)
Kheiri, J., & Nasihatkon, B, 2016, The Effects of Rural tourism on sustainable livelihoods (case study: Lavij Rural, Iran. Modern Applied Science, 10(10): 10-22. [DOI:10.5539/mas.v10n10p10]
Syjasi, G.h., Sadeghlo, T. & Shakori, F.E. (2017). Measuring the level of livelihood assets in rural areas with a sustainable livelihood approach (case study: villages of Taibad city), Journal of Research and Rural Planning, 5(13): 197-216. (in Persian)
Lorio, M, & Corsale, A. (2010). Rural tourism and livelihood strategies in Romania. journal of Rural study, 26: 152-162.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2009.10.006 [DOI:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2009.10.00.]
World Bank. (1975). Rural Development: Sector Policy, paper. Washington DC.: World Bank.
Mbaiwa, J. E., & Stronza, A. L. (2010). The effects of tourism development on rural livelihoods in the okavango Delta, Botswana. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(5): 635-565.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09669581003653500 [DOI:10.1080/09669581003653500.]
World Bank. (2008). Agriculture for development, washongton, DC: world bank: world bank.
Mccool, S., Butler, R., Buckley, R., & Weaver, D. (2013). Is Concept of Sustainability Utopian: Ideally Perfect but Impracticable?. , Tourism Recreation Research, 38(2): 213-242.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2013.11081746 [DOI:10.1080/02508281.2013.11081746.]
Yanan, L, Ismail, Mujammad, A., & Aminuddin, A. (2024). How has rural tourism influenced the sustainable development of traditional villages?. A systematic literature review, Heliyon, 10(4).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25627 [DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25627.]
Nourozi, M., & Hayati, D. (2014). Factors Affecting Sustainable Rural Livelihoods as Perceived by Farmers in Kermanshah Province, Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Journal, 11(1): 137-144. (in Persian).
Parvaneh Safa, R, Yasouri, M & Hesam, M. (2021). Effects of Tourism on sustainable Rural Livelihoods (Case Study: Saravan, Rasht County, Iran). Journal of Research Rural Planning, 10(3): 1-9. http://doi.org/ 10.22067/JRRP.V10I3.85201
Paul, B.G. and Reinhard-Vogl, C.H. (2013). Organic shrimp aquaculture for sustainable household livelihoods in Bangladesh. Ocean and Coastal Management, 71: 1-12. http://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.10.007. [DOI:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.10.007]
Rastae, A., Hadiani, Z. & Tayebnia, S.H. (2021). The Effects Analysis of tourism on the host community in rural areas (Case study:Tamin village in Mirjaveh County), Quarterly Journal of Village and Space Sustaiable Development, 2(4): 57-78. (in Persian)
Shen, F. (2008). A sustainable tourism framework for monitoring residents' satisfaction with agritourism in Chongdugou Village, China, Int. J. Tourism Policy, 1(4): 368-375. http://doi.org/ 10.1504/IJTP.2008.019277 [DOI:10.1504/IJTP.2008.019277]
Shen, F. (2009). Tourism and sustainable livelihoods approach: application within the Chinese context, a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Lincoln University. http://doi/.
Shen, F., Hughery, K. F., & Simmons, D. G. (2008). connecting the sustainable livelihoods approach and tourism: A review of the literature. journal of Hospitality and tourism Management, 15: 19-31. [DOI:10.1375/jhtm.15.19]
Statistical Center of Iran. (2016). https://www.amar.org.ir. (in Persian)
Syjasi, G.h., Sadeghlo, T. & Shakori, F.E. (2017). Measuring the level of livelihood assets in rural areas with a sustainable livelihood approach (case study: villages of Taibad city), Journal of Research and Rural Planning, 5(13): 197-216. (in Persian)
World Bank. (1975). Rural Development: Sector Policy, paper. Washington DC.: World Bank.
World Bank. (2008). Agriculture for development, washongton, DC: world bank: world bank.
Yanan, L, Ismail, Mujammad, A., & Aminuddin, A. (2024). How has rural tourism influenced the sustainable development of traditional villages?. A systematic literature review, Heliyon, 10(4).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25627 [DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25627.]

  • تاریخ دریافت 18 خرداد 1405
  • تاریخ اولین انتشار 18 خرداد 1405